In depth articles

I believe that detailed knowledge and understanding provides an essential foundation for the work that I do in designing gardens for my clients; and that this is worth sharing with a wider audience. These articles are my own distillation of some of what I have learned over years of reading and study, and cover a range of topics in botany, soil science, design theory and many other areas of knowledge.

Where possible, I’ve attempted to explain my own understanding from first principles, meaning that some articles stray into core sciences such as chemistry and physics; and a few may be a little technical. I hope you find as much value in reading them as I did in writing them.

If you’re new to plant and soil science, you may want to read this article first.


To find a specific article, filter by category or use the search box.


Core science Duncan Knowles Core science Duncan Knowles

Movement in plants

A brief discussion of the three main ways in which water, nutrients and gases move within plants, being mass flow, osmosis and diffusion; and of when and why particular substances move in the way that they do.

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Core science Duncan Knowles Core science Duncan Knowles

More chemistry

An overview of the difference between inorganic and organic chemistry, and how both are relevant to understanding plants and their environment, including a summary of some of the most important types of organic molecules found in plants.

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Plant anatomy Duncan Knowles Plant anatomy Duncan Knowles

Types of tissue

The first intermediate level article on Getting Dirty, looking into the difference between plant and animal cells, and the four main types of tissue in plants: meristem, dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.

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Introduction Duncan Knowles Introduction Duncan Knowles

Further reading

A list of resources used in researching articles for Getting Dirty, including books, pamphlets, newsletters, academic articles, websites and YouTube channels.

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